The Growing Spice Trade

As indicated by Merriam-Webster’s word reference (exchange, 2009), the word â€Å"trade† implies an individual occupied with an occupation, business, or industry dealings between people or gatherings and the matter of purchasing and selling or bargaining items. Numerous elements assumed key jobs in the monetary improvement of a locale utilizing exchange as a significant commitment of developing force. There were numerous wares that were exchanged; silk, foods grown from the ground, cotton, and valuable stones, to give some examples. The zest exchange, specifically, was an action with old birthplaces (Upshur et al. , 2002, p. 307). Flavor exchange was and is a business movement which includes the promoting of flavors and herbs. The most significant thing of exchange between the East and West were flavors, particularly cinnamon from India, cardamom from Aden, cassia, turmeric, and ginger and pepper from Indonesia (Upshur et al. , 2002, p. 324). It circumvent silk and different items to be the fundamental import from India toward the western world (â€Å"Spice Tradeâ€Å", 2009). Notwithstanding their utilization in cooking, flavors were put to an assortment of purposes, including medication, enchantment, preservation, scent, religion, and sex (Turner, 2004, Oct). For a long time, Arab shippers controlled the overland exchange courses to India until the ocean courses were found (â€Å"SPICESâ€Å", n. d. ). Overland courses helped the exchange at first, yet sea courses prompted enormous development later. During the high and late medieval periods, Muslim brokers overwhelmed sea zest exchanging courses, drawing from source areas in the Far East and transportation flavors from exchanging emporiums in India westbound to the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, from which overland courses prompted Europe. This exchange was changed by the European Age of Discovery and the course from Europe to the Indian Ocean by means of the Cape of Good Hope was spearheaded by European guides, for example, Vasco Da Gama in 1497 (â€Å"Spice Tradeâ€Å", 2009). The significant expense of transportation guaranteed that the most exorbitant merchandise like silk, flavors, valuable metals and jewels, ventured to every part of the longest separations. The greater part of the payload conveyed in antiquated exchange went from Asia to Europe through overland and oceanic (Upshur et al. , 2002, p. 308). Civic establishments of Asia were engaged with flavor exchange from the antiquated occasions, and the Greco-Roman world before long followed by exchanging along the Incense course and the Roman-India courses which were needy upon the strategies created by the oceanic exchanging power, Kingdom of Axum (400’s B. C. E. - 1000 C. E. ). The Kingdom had spearheaded the Red Sea course before the first century (â€Å"Spice Tradeâ€Å", 2009). Exchange among India and the Greco-Roman world continued expanding and the presentation of Indian culture made an interest from aromatics. These exchanging stations later served the Chinese and Arab markets, as well (â€Å"Spice Tradeâ€Å", 2009). Numerous different vendors and nations occupied with this exchange, for example, the Pre-Islamic Meccans who kept on utilizing the old Incense Route to profit by the substantial Roman interest for extravagance products. The Indian business association with South East Asia demonstrated imperative to the dealers of Arabia and Persia. The Abbasids utilized Alexandria, Damietta, Aden, and Siraf as passage ports to India and China. Rome quickly had an influence during the fifth century (â€Å"Spice Tradeâ€Å", 2009). One of the significant results of the flavor exchange was the disclosure of the American mainland by European voyagers. Exchange until the mid fifteenth century was with the east through the Silk Road with the Byzantine Empire and the Italian city-conditions of Venice and Genoa going about as the center man. In 1453, nonetheless, the Ottomans took Constantinople thus the Byzantine Empire was no more. Presently in charge of the sole zest exchange, the domain was in a great situation to charge robust expenses on stock destined for the west. The Western Europeans set going to discover another ocean course around Africa (â€Å"Spice Tradeâ€Å", 2009). At the point when Christopher Columbus cruised west in 1492, he wasn’t searching for another world, yet for another course to the old universe of the Indies and for gold and flavors. He discovered little of either (Turner, 2004, Oct). After Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan in 1520 took up the journey for Spain. Of the five vessels under his order, just one, the Victoria, came back to Spain, weighed down with cloves (â€Å"Spice Tradeâ€Å", 2009). With this, Portugal and Spain grew new exchange courses that avoided the old land and water courses in the process opened up another time of world exchange (Upshur et al. , 2002, p. 308). End What does this say about the developing globalization of exchange and social trade? Along the exchange courses European individuals intermarried, passed on important advances and aptitudes, expressions and writing, and social and strict traditions. The offer of zest set up huge assets to be utilized to profit neighborhood economies and advancing further exchanging exercises. References Flavors. (n.d.). In (Ed.), Funk and Wagnall’s new World Encyclopedia. Recovered February 17, 2009, from Academic Search Premier database. Flavor Trade. (2009). In (Ed.), Wikipedia. Recovered February 17, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_trade Trade. (2009). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2009 ed.). Turner, J. (2004, October). Experiences in the zest exchange. Land, 76(10), 45-50. Recovered February 17, 2009 from Academic Search Premier database. Upshur, J., Terry, J., Holoka, J., Goff, R., and Cassar, G. (2002). World History before 1600: The Development of Early Civilization (fourth ed.). Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth.

Mosquitoes or Socioeconomic Ha essays

Mosquitoes or Socioeconomic Ha articles Mosquitoes or Socioeconomic Hardships? The scene of the celebrated witch preliminaries was in the time of 1962, starting exposed, cruel, winter of New England in 1961. A gathering of inquisitive, little youngsters, with the inspiration from the family unit slave from West Indies, were attempting to see into the future by getting messages from a crude egg in a glass loaded up with water. These deeds obviously brought about over the top practices performed by the young ladies, the specialists, and residents of the Salem people group. Who might have imagined that this straightforward and candid action would bring about such an outrage? At the initiation, of the odd attitudes appeared by the little youngsters, allegations of black magic had suspended to the scene, which is the thing that made this embarrassment of such high gravity. As a result of the way that Salem was represented carefully on the premise and standards of the Bible, black magic was clearly a somber offense and was followed up on fittingly. At the point when these prosecutions were taken care of by the referees of the general public, numerous residents were sent to prison and put to preliminary. Nineteen individuals of who were summoned of witchery were attempted and hanged and hundreds were sent to jail to sit tight for their preliminary, until the court procedures were stopped, in May of 1963, by the legislative leader of the province, Sir William Phips, and discharged the individuals who were in prison. For quite a long time and years students of history have endeavored to get to the base of the thinking behind this crazy widespread panic that cleared all through a major segment of New England. The quantity of clarifications for the Salem witch preliminaries is huge, which makes the subject quite a lot more captivating. Black magic allegations and preliminaries were held when the ones at Salem, however as a rule they happened when financial hardships, political tension, or potentially social misgivings were being established in the towns. The financial hold-ups are a piece of the principle defense that one of the students of history uses to discuss t... <!

BoA Restricting

BoA Restricting Im sitting on my couch with my friend Jeff (who, after graduating with a Bachelors and Masters degree from MIT in Urban Studies Planning, Jeff is now a city planner for the city of Cambridge, MA) watching Korean Music Countdown on the International Channel, as we do most Monday evenings. BoAs My Name is down to #10 this week. The #8 video, Windy by Eugene, reminds me of a Dance Troupe concert (Dance Troupe, by the way, is one of the most popular student groups at MIT, with its concerts always selling out). At #6, Lee Jungs Look at Me borrows from Bollywood (and reggae?) awesome! Shinhwas Brand New is #1 this week (I know you like them, DrinkableYogurt). I need to give a shout out to two of my colleagues who have their blogs up and running now. Ben Jones is my rock star boss. Daniel Barkowitz, the Director of Financial Aid, is the guy who will come up with the mad cash after youre admitted. Check them both out! The Daily Show is now on, and Jon Stewart is making fun of Ashlee Simpsons SNL gaffe. As an aside, Ashlees ex-boyfriend Ryan Cabreras drummer is the brother of my friend Eric (who also holds a Bachelors and Masters degree from MIT in Urban Studies Planning). Commenting on my last entry, Adriana asked about essay length. I know you all are getting mixed messages about this. We say in the application, Please keep to a 500-word limit. Kevin says in his blog that 650 words is okay. Adriana would really like to submit 800 words. What should you do? Well, heres what I can tell you. Were not going to reject you because of the length of your essay. We do not have an auto-word-counter for the online application. Also, I am not going to count the words in your essay. I have never even estimated the length of an essay response. Really, quality is much more important than quantity. And some people, I know, do have more to say than what fits in 500 words. If that is you, Id encourage you to show your essay to your favorite English teacher, tell him/her that your essay is currently longer than the recommended limit, and ask what advice s/he would give you. They may tell you to send in the longer essay, and if they do, Id trust that. Or, if they recommend paring it down to restrict it to 500 words, Id take that advice. I wish you all my best as we approach the early action deadline. And now, as The Daily Show ends, Im going to bed. Good night! Not the same few colleges: The University of Virginia. Thomas Jefferson knew what he was doing. Also, my favorite radio station in the United States is WNRN 91.9 in Charlottesville.

The Process and Factors of Wound Healing - 947 Words

Introduction The skin, the biggest organ in the human body, has several vital functions, including sensation, thermoregulation, protection and synthesis of vitamin D. Nurses would like to be knowledgeable concerning what is thought of to be healthy skin (Pringle and Penzer2002). This is very important, as the condition of the skin might typically be a sign of underlying disease (Casey 2002). Changes within the skin may be one among the first indicators of an underlying health downside. Injury of either the epidermis or the dermis can cause systemic infection, increased morbidity, increased value of care, and negative psychosocial consequences (Schindler, Kuhn, Christopher, Conway, Ridling Simpson; 201one). Wound healing is a dynamic, interactive method involving soluble mediators, blood cells, extracellular matrix, and parenchymal cells. Wound healing has three phases: the inflammatory section, the proliferative part, and the maturational or transforming phase. These phases could overlap in time (Porth, 2011). Inflammatory Phase The inflammatory part starts at the time of injury with the formation of a blood clot and therefore the migration of phagocytic white blood cells into the wound web site. The primary cells to arrive, the neutrophils, ingest and take away bacteria and cellular debris. When twenty four hours, the neutrophils are joined by macrophages, that still ingest cellular debris and play a necessary role in the production of growth factors for theShow MoreRelatedFactors Contributing to the Wound Healing Process Essay568 Words   |  3 PagesWound healing is a very important aspect of the postoperative process. Depending on many different factors pertaining to a postoperative wound; different steps can be taken to decrease a patient’s chance to develop an infection. The one goal a surgical team wants to achieve is to leave a less noticeable scar and no infection in a wound. There are different challenges and situations a Surgical Technologist and the surgical will have to work around. The wound healing process all depends on theRead MoreEssay on The Final Process in Inflammation: Wound Healing1750 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Wound healing is the final process in inflammation at which the architecture and the function of the tissues were repaired after an injury.[1] Basically, before wound healing takes place, inflammation occurs at which it helps to eliminate the injurious agents and if elimination is not possible, inflammation helps limiting the effects caused by the injurious agents. Finally, it prepares the site of injury for healing process.[2] Picture taken from: http://www.pilonidal.org/aftercare/wound_healing_indepthRead MoreEleutherine indica L. is a wound healing folklore medicine of North East Indian tribal people. The600 Words   |  3 PagesEleutherine indica L. is a wound healing folklore medicine of North East Indian tribal people. The present investigation bulbs of E. indica were successively extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water and evaluated wound healing associated activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial and fibroblast proliferation properties. Petroleum ether (EIPE) and chloroform (EICE) extracts of E. indica were found inactive in antioxidant evaluations, whereas the methanol extract (EIME) showedRead MoreHow Tissue Forms a Wound862 Words   |  3 Pagesexperiences the disruption of normal anatomic structure and function, it forms a wound. The process of restoring injured tissue to its normal structure and function by proliferation of neighboring living cells is called tissue re generation (Sorg Reinke, 2012). However, when regenation cannot occurs, wound healing occurs by replacement with a connection tissue and formation of a scar (Porth, 2011). Wound healing process involves the restoration of the integrity of injured tissues. It consists of threeRead MoreThe Cellular And Molecular Basis Of Non Healing Wounds And Ulcers1681 Words   |  7 Pagesmolecular basis of non-healing wounds and ulcers? Fig 1; courtesy of google image â€Å"The most common types of non-healing wounds are pressure ulcers, diabetic ulcers, ischemic ulcers and venous ulcers.† (2) In the case of a non-healing wound, the order of the healing process may be blocked or interrupted at any of the above stages; especially at the inflammatory or proliferative stage. The mediators of this arrest may include an impairment of the inflammatory cells, growth factors, proteases, cellularRead MoreWound Healing760 Words   |  4 Pages4 Stages of Healing How Do Wounds Heal? Research work on acute wounds in an animal model shows that wounds heal in four phases. It is believed that chronic wounds must also go through the same basic phases. Some authors combine the first two phases. The phases of wound healing are: * Hemostasis * Inflammation * Proliferation or Granulation * Remodeling or Maturation Hemostasis: Once the source of damage to a house has been removed and before work can start, utility workersRead MoreThe Stages Of Acute Cutaneous Wound Healing1421 Words   |  6 Pagescutaneous wound healing and why some processes may be altered in diabetic patients â€Å"The process by which tissue repair takes place is termed wound healing and is comprised of a continuous sequence of inflammation and repair, in which epithelial, endothelial, inflammatory cells, platelets and fibroblasts briefly come together outside their normal domains, interact to restore a semblance of their usual discipline and having done so resume their normal function†. (The Cellular Biology of Wound HealingRead MoreHuman Wound Healing1131 Words   |  5 PagesChristopher, Conway, Ridling Simpson; 2011). Wound healing is a very complex process. Wound healing has three phases: the inflammatory phase, the proliferative phase, and the maturational or remodeling phase. These phases might overlap at times (Porth, 2011). Inflammatory Phase The inflammatory phase starts at the time of injury with the formation of a blood clot and the migration of phagocytic white blood cells into the wound site. The first cells to arrive, the neutrophils, ingestRead MoreThe Importance of Nurses Involvement in Wound Management924 Words   |  4 PagesAll nurses involved in wound management need to understand the wound-healing process, as this should underpin their care plans. While treatment options will be influenced by the current stage of healing, it is important to note that the stages can vary in length of time and overlap, which can create difficulties in recognition. For example, the signs and symptoms of wound infection could be confused with the inflammatory phase, while parts of the wound may be in the destructive phase, withRead MoreUnderstanding The Risk Factors Associated with Pathogenic Abnormalities669 Words   |  3 Pagesabout the pathogenic abnormalities that impair healing is that one can view existing therapies and procedures in a different light, and with different justifications. For example, the process of surgical debridement of diabetic foot ulcers becomes more than simply removing necrotic tissue; at the same time, one is also removing the excessive bacterial burden and, possibly, the phenotypically abnormal cells that may be present in and around the wound. Another example is the removal of edema, which

Analysis Of When Rabiit Howls By Truddi Chase - 1078 Words

Did you ever wonder what the life of a person who suffers from dissociative identity disorder is like? I had heard this term and had a small idea of what it was about, but didn’t fully understand what it was, where it came from, and certainly could not imagine what it was like to live this kind of life. I was honestly horrified and shocked to read the autobiography entitled â€Å"When Rabiit Howls† by Truddi Chase. I definitely was not preapred to read all the grusome things Truddi Chase had endured in her life. Truddi Chase was born near Honeoye Falls, New York, and grew up with her parents and sibligns. Her horrifying experiences began when she was just two years old. She had endured a life that no one should ever have to face. She was†¦show more content†¦These voices are discovered and referred to as â€Å"the troops†. It is as if that two year old child that suffered no longer existed and the troops were created to hide her from the pain an d torture she went through. They were the voices that spoke and told the story of what she had gone through. The troops are the ones that reveal themselves and their memories during the therapy sessions. They are also the ones that stayed within Truddi and protected her from the evil she lived everyday as a child. Most of these personalities are introduced and come to life in the autobiography, but not all ninety-two. The abuse is discovered and discussed in grusome detail through many of the personalities. Dr. Phillips’s therapy sessions where a place where these personalties were comfortable to open up and discuss the memories and experiences they had. Each one of the personalities is responsible for different memories yet come together. There are too many personalities revealed to be able to discuss them all now in this summary, but I can tell you they appeared in all different shapes and sizes, genders, and ages. There were also some that were very loud and angry, a nd some very quiet and sweet. Interestingly, many of the younger aged troop members are very angry and eager for revenge, and several

Comparing Islamic Religion Free Essays

To compare the Islamic religion, one has to first define Islam. â€Å"The word Islam means surrender or submission to the will of Allah, the one God†(Webster). The word Islam conveys much meaning, especially those of submission and peace. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Islamic Religion or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is through the total submission to the will of God, also known as Allah, that one achieves peace with oneself, peace with the Creator, as well as peace with all creations. Muslims are believers who have submitted themselves to the will of God. The basic creed of Islam is the shahada. Shahada is the profession of faith: â€Å"I testify that there is no deity save God and that Muhammad is the messenger of God†(Schimmel 34). I study Buddhism. Buddhism is the name attributed to an intricate system of beliefs developed around the teachings of a single man known as the Buddha. Buddha is the title given to the Indian philosopher Gautama circa 2,500 years ago. Buddhism is a Western word. â€Å"The religion is known in the East as the Buddha-Dharma, or the teachings of the Buddha†(Maitreya 1). Buddhists share similar beliefs about the nature of the world and how to behave within it based on the teachings of the Buddha. Islam comes from the mouth of Muhammad. Buddhism is based on the Buddha†s personal experience of enlightenment. Thus, Muhammad is a divinely inspired teacher who preached the words of God†s will, whereas the Buddha shared his understanding of ‘the way† to attain enlightenment. Neither religion worships the tellers of the truth i. e. Muhammad and the Buddha. Instead, both religions recognize and appreciate the magnificent contribution both men have made as well as utilize the doctrines that summarize their school of thought-the Koran and the Four Noble Truths. The foundation of Islam is the Koran which is, for the pious Muslim, not the word of a prophet but the unadulterated word of God, which has become audible through Muhammad, the pure vessel, in clear Arabic language†(Schimmel 29). The main emphasis of the Koran is the oneness of Allah. All of humanity is regarded as subject to the will and power of Allah. It is He who has created mankind, and will one-day judge his creation. The faithful are called upon to believe in Allah and to listen to His Prophet and will be saved on Judgement Day. â€Å"The Four Noble Truths are the briefest synthesis of the entire teachings of Buddhism† (Maitreya 3). The first truth is that all life is unpleasant suffering, pain, and misery. The second truth is that this suffering is caused by selfish craving and passionate personal desire. The third truth is that this selfish craving can be overcome. The fourth truth is that the way to overcome the misery of life is by following the Eightfold Path. The Eightfold Path promotes sight and wisdom that will allow for inner peace, and ultimately enlightenment. The Koran†s principal assertion is that there is one God–the creator and sustainer of the universe. â€Å"This God, Allah, is compassionate and just. Because He is compassionate, He calls all people to believe in Him and worship Him†(Ali 6). Buddhism does not teach of gods. Instead, Buddhism teaches the way of life that Buddha comprehended-the Eightfold Path. The Koran declares that all of humanity is subject to the will and power of Allah. â€Å"It is a fundamental Islamic belief that we were created to serve (worship) Allah†(Ali 2). Islam religion regards mankind as the crown of creation, entrusted by God with management of the whole-created order. Humans can be weak and are susceptible to disbelief in God and to disobedience to His will. Humanity†s weakness is pride. Humans do not realize their limitations and believe they are self-sufficient. It is the people who are deluded by Satan that continued to disbelieve in Allah. Similarly, the Four Noble Truths proclaim that people make a mistake of being excessively egotistical. Analogously, Buddhism confirms that people error by identifying too strongly with personal existence in any one life. Unlike Muslims, who consider themselves committed to a mission by their belief in Allah, Buddhist aspires to escape from the sufferings of life. These two goals of life are vastly different. Muslims will always see themselves reflected in the eyes of God whereas Buddhists will never see a God, only their life as a cycle of rebirths until the release called Nirvana. The Islamic religion is an extensive, multidimensional, and complex topic just as Buddhism is. I acknowledge that I am neither an expert of the religion nor a religious scholar, yet. I am solely making a brief comparison between Islam with my own personal convictions and understandings of Buddhism. How to cite Comparing Islamic Religion, Essay examples

LongTerm Cause Of The Russian Revolution Essay free essay sample

Long-run Cause Of The Russian Revolution Essay, Research Paper In 1812 Czar Alexander the First had sworn an curse that Russia would neer do peace every bit long as an enemy stood on Russian dirt. Small did he cognize that non much more than a century subsequently the enemy was those who were native to the Russian soil-the people. The Russian Revolution was an event that shaped the remainder of the twentieth century worldwide. The causes of the revolution go back many old ages before the existent revolution had even showed marks of interrupting out. The causes included a weak authorities, indecisive leaders and, a really backwards manner of life for the people. In the mid to late nineteenth century Russian leaders came to understand that Russia was backwards in it s ways and that it must endeavor to overhaul itself before the state was left in shambles. Russians and their land could be described in one word, hapless. We will write a custom essay sample on LongTerm Cause Of The Russian Revolution Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The agricultural societies were weak because the land was merely hospitable to trees and ice. The provincials were serfs, attached to the land and their Masterss. In 1853 war all of a sudden broke out in the Crimean Peninsula over Christian shrines in the Ottoman Empire. After their licking in the Crimean War, Russia s war leaders realized even more that they were behind the whole universe in overhauling. In response Alexander II so took the reigns of the imperium radically bettering the state. Trans-continental railwaies were built and so in 1861 the helot were emancipated. The authorities so strengthened Russia s industry by advancing industrialisation with the building of mills. But so every bit rapidly as Alexander II s reform reign started, it ended. In 1881 a group of terrorists assassinated Alexander doing a surcease of the reforms. P > Suddenly economic modernisation resurfaced once more in the 1890 s under the Finance Minister named Sergei Witte. Witte believed that even though Russia was a backwards state, modernisation could still happen. Under his leading Witte helped the 35,000 stat mi railroad system come to a completion. Yet the Russian leaders were so impressed that this great alteration that could better Russia in the following 20 old ages they were so unsighted to the poorness and overpopulation that continued doing Russia digress further and further. After a loss to the Japanese in the Russian-Japanese war, morale of the common common people was at an all clip low. Illegal labour parties were organizing and groups of dedicated persons were imploring for revolution. Groups such as the Nihilists, and the Anarchists started to organize with the purpose to get down a revolution. They believed a revolution would non come to them, instead that they had to do one. Then, on a glooming January Sunday in 1905 a pe aceable crowd of workers and households had gathered outside the castle walls to show a request to Czar Nicholas II. The suppliants nevertheless did non cognize that Nicholas was non shacking in the castle at the clip. Then without warning, Russian military personnels outside the castle opened fire killing 100s. The horse so followed and preceded to welt the staying subsisters. This was a really dark twenty-four hours for Russia. This event, known now as # 8220 ; Bloody Sunday # 8221 ; set the scene for Revolution across Russia. Revolution swept the state. Revolts, work stoppages, and mutinies culminated to bring forth the Russian Revolution of 1905 and so subsequently the Revolution of 1917. A defective authorities, weak leaders and, a backward state all contributed to the long term causes of the Russian Revolution.

Media Power essays

Media Power essays "Does the media wield too much power in America?" Today, with all of our advanced technology, the media influences our lives more than ever. Whether it is television, radio, newspapers, magazines or the Internet, the media has a huge impact on American lives. In the last fifty years alone the media has in some way or form shaped just about every aspect of American life. The media tells us everything, from what kind of laundry detergent we should use to who we should vote for for president. The greatest impact the media has is that on politics. The media shapes Americas interest in politics, the type of candidates that will run for office, and even tells us what to think about candidates and issues. The media affects American interest towards politics by only showing us what they want us to see. If there are many issues in a certain campaign, the media will focus on the ones they believe to be the most important, they may leave others out completely. We become interested in certain areas of politics because we hear about them very often, and we lose interest very fast because we are always being bombarded with new bigger things. There is usually always a much greater turn out to vote for president than there is to vote for senate or the House of Representatives. This happens because there is more media coverage of the presidential race than there is of a senate or house of representative race. We focus importance on the things the media shows us more of, instead of the things we do not hear much about, even if they are things of concern. A lot of people do not follow local elections mainly because they dont hear about it on the six oclock news, Im sure a lot of people dont know who their senator, or house rep is. On the other hand, if you try to find one person who does not know anything about the recent presidential election, you would be looking forever. Everyone knows about the Florida ballot disput...

Operation Lila Scuttling of the French Fleet

Operation Lila Scuttling of the French Fleet Conflict Date: Operation Lila and the scuttling of the French fleet occurred on November 27, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945). Forces Commanders: French Admiral Jean de LabordeAdmiral Andrà © Marquis64 warships, numerous support vessels and patrol boats Germany Generaloberst Johannes BlaskowitzArmy Group G Operation Lila Background: With the Fall of France in June 1940, the French Navy ceased to operate against the Germans and Italians. To prevent the enemy from obtaining the French ships, the British attacked Mers-el-Kebir in July and fought the Battle of Dakar in September. In the wake of these engagements, the ships of the French Navy were concentrated at Toulon where they remained under French control but were either disarmed or deprived of fuel. At Toulon, command was divided between Admiral Jean de Laborde, who led the Forces de Haute Mer (High Seas Fleet) and Admiral Andrà © Marquis, the Prefet Maritime who oversaw the base. The situation at Toulon remained quiet for over two years until Allied forces landed in French North Africa as part of Operation Torch on November 8, 1942. Concerned about an Allied attack through the Mediterranean, Adolf Hitler ordered the implementation of Case Anton which saw German troops under General Johannes Blaskowitz occupy Vichy France beginning on November 10. Though many in the French fleet initially resented the Allied invasion, a desire to join the fight against the Germans soon swept through the fleet with chants in support of General Charles de Gaulle erupting from different ships. The Situation Changes: In North Africa, the commander of Vichy French forces, Admiral Franà §ois Darlan, was captured and began supporting the Allies. Ordering a ceasefire on November 10, he sent a personal message to de Laborde to ignore orders from the Admiralty to remain in port and to sail to Dakar with the fleet. Knowing of Darlans change in loyalty and personally disliking his superior, de Laborde ignored the request. As German forces moved to occupy Vichy France, Hitler desired to take the French fleet by force. He was dissuaded from this by Grand Admiral Erich Raeder who stated that the French officers would honor their armistice pledge not to allow their ships to fall into the hands of a foreign power. Instead, Raeder proposed that Toulon be left unoccupied and its defense entrusted to the Vichy French forces. While Hitler agreed to Raeders plan on the surface, he pressed on with his goal of taking the fleet. Once secured, the larger surface ships were to be transferred to the Italians while the submarines and smaller vessels would join the Kriegsmarine. On November 11, French Secretary of the Navy Gabriel Auphan instructed de Laborde and Marquis that they were to oppose the entry of foreign forces into naval facilities and onto French ships, though force was not to be used. If this could not be done, the ships were to be scuttled. Four days later, Auphan met with de Laborde and tried to persuade him to take the fleet to North Africa to join the Allies. Laborde refused stating his would only sail with written orders from the government. On November 18, the Germans demanded that the Vichy Army be disbanded. As a result, sailors were taken from the fleet to man the defenses and German and Italian forces moved closer to the city. This meant that it would be more difficult to prepare ths ships for sea if a breakout were to be attempted. A breakout would have been possible as the French crews had, through falsification of reports and tampering with gauges, brought aboard enough fuel for a run to North Africa. The next several days saw defensive preparations continue, including the placing of scuttling charges, as well as de Laborde requiring his officers to pledge their loyalty to the Vichy government. Operation Lila: On November 27, the Germans commenced Operation Lila with the goal of occupying Toulon and seizing the fleet. Comprised of elements from the 7th Panzer Division and 2nd SS Panzer Division, four combat teams entered the city around 4:00 AM. Quickly taking Fort Lamalgue, they captured Marquis but failed to prevent his chief of staff from sending a warning. Stunned by the German treachery, de Laborde issued orders to prepare for scuttling and to defend the ships until they had sunk. Advancing through Toulon, the Germans occupied heights overlooking the channel and air-dropped mines to prevent a French escape. Reaching the gates of the naval base, the Germans were delayed by the sentries who demanded paperwork allowing admission. By 5:25 AM, German tanks entered the base and de Laborde issued the scuttle order from his flagship Strasbourg. Fighting soon broke out along the waterfront, with the Germans coming under fire from the ships. Out-gunned, the Germans attempted to negotiate, but were unable to board most vessels in time to prevent their sinking. German troops successfully boarded the cruiser Dupleix and closed its sea valves, but were driven off by explosions and fires in its turrets. Soon the Germans were surrounded by sinking and burning ships. By the end of the day, they had only succeeded in taking three disarmed destroyers, four damaged submarines, and three civilian vessels. Aftermath: In the fighting of November 27, the French lost 12 killed and 26 wounded, while the Germans suffered one wounded. In scuttling the fleet, the French destroyed 77 vessels, including 3 battleships, 7 cruisers, 15 destroyers, and 13 torpedo boats. Five submarines managed to get underway, with three reaching North Africa, one Spain, and the last forced to scuttle at the mouth of the harbor. The surface ship Leonor Fresnel also escaped. While Charles de Gaulle and the Free French severely criticized the action, stating that the fleet should have tried to escape, the scuttling prevented the ships from falling into Axis hands. While salvage efforts began, none of the larger ships saw service again during the war. After the liberation of France, de Laborde was tried and convicted of treason for not trying to save the fleet. Found guilty, he was sentenced to death. This was soon commuted to life imprisonment before he was granted clemency in 1947. Selected Sources Battleships Cruisers: Scuttling at ToulonHistory.com: French Scuttle Their Fleet

Write a paper that explains where I am so far in school and what I Essay

Write a paper that explains where I am so far in school and what I have accomplished - Essay Example Thereafter, I learnt the business mathematics that includes average, mixtures, and computation of interest. In addition, as a part of mathematics, I learnt how to handle discounting of bills, how to calculate percentages, ratios and proportions. Thereafter, there was elementary statistics that included geographical presentation of statistical data, measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion etc. Thereafter, there was introduction to computer that taught how computer is used in the business world, and the purpose of various software. In addition, this gave me an idea on how various programs are effectively used in various business needs. As a part of this, I got a chance to learn more about the practical use of internet and email. Thereafter, there was practical training on typing and keyboarding that helped me gain proficiency in the same. The last part was business office practices and procedures. This part gave an insight into the various common procedures in the business offices, and the ethics one should adhere to in such situations. Now, the remaining parts are business English, business operations essentials, email applications and programs, data processing and spreadsheet skills, presentation application skills, and business office procedures and practices. Business English means the English language used in international business. According to Guffey, it is important to learn this because it enhances ones ability to interact with people from various countries (xv). In addition, the rapid growth in technology made businesses global with business operations around the world. So, it is very important to have good knowledge of business English for effective negotiations. The next part to be covered is business operations skills that will provide more knowledge about different components of an office workstation, various purchasing systems, different ways of charting

Marx's historical theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marx's historical theory - Essay Example This paper illustrates that in the groundbreaking book, The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels begin with the assertion that class struggles are integral in defining the existing society. This forms the basis of understanding Marx’s concept of history. According to Marx, the outline of history has two dimensions of linear chain events: a consistent progress in class division, created and overthrown in subsequent order, until it reaches a utopian endpoint, or communism. In the book, Marx argues that the history of humans occurs in a teleological order, unfolding to a distinct series of stages, each subsequent to the other. Ultimately, these stages lead to a certain utopian endpoint, which marks the end of the changes and an end to history. In his perception, Marx believed that these scientific laws could allow the prediction of these stages, as the scientific laws governs the progress of history. Class struggle, in Marx’s perception, determines human his tory. Therefore, the primary reason for historical changes is class animosity. Accordingly, societies are based on antagonism of the oppressed and oppressing classes. Thus, history is definable at any one time by the relationship between the different classes. In other words, the theory seeks to establish the premise of the materialistic methods in relation to humans’ production to satisfy material needs. The satisfaction of human needs give rise to new needs of social and materialistic nature, forming a society that corresponds to the forces of human production development. (Shimp, 2009:7). In this regard therefore, material life determines or conditions social life, thus social explanations emanate from materialism to social forms, and ultimately to forms of consciousness. As production means develops, economic structures or production modes rise and fall. According to Marx, communism may possibly become real as the workers become aware of alternatives, motivating them to i nitiate reforms. In his reinterpretation of the theory of history by Marx, Gerald Cohen created the development thesis, which states that production forces develop, becoming stronger over time. However, the thesis clarifies that the development is not absolute, but rather a tendency. Together with productively applicable technology and knowledge, these forces are production means(Cohen, 2000:176). The primacy thesis is Cohen’s next thesis. The latter has two important aspects: first, the productive forces level of development may explain the nature of the structure of the economy, and second, the nature of the structure of the economy explains the nature of the superstructure. From these observations, it is evident that Marx believes that the economic structure of a society may explain the nature of societal ideology, such as moral, artistic, philosophical, and religious beliefs within the confines of the society. It is indeed possible for various activities to combine aspect s of ideology and superstructure simultaneously. A prime example is religion, which combines both a set of beliefs and institutions. Scholars argue that revolutionary changes occur naturally from the failure of further development of productive forces. At the revolution point, the development of productive forces is fettered. Drawing from the theory, once development fetters in an economic structure, another structure will eventually replace it. It is reasonable that human productivity develops over time, and also that structures of economy only exist insofar as they develop the forces of production, but are ultimately replaced when they fail their duty of development(Stanford). Nonetheless, Marx’s theory of history has come under criticism, primarily for its incoherence, as well as lack of projection and empirical evidence. Criticism There are various forms of criticism against Marx’s theory of history, including claims of incoherence, lack of evidence and projection. These three categories result from the fact that the

ERG11 in Drug-resistant of C. Krusei

ERG11 in Drug-resistant of C. Krusei Erg11 mutations and up-regulation in clinical itraconazoleresistant isolates of Candida krusei Some C. krusei isolates were resistant the antifungal drugs. Mutations including T939C, T642C and A756T were found in ERG11 of C. krusei. ERG11 was highly expressed in resistant C. krusei strains.. Abstract Objective We aimed to provide with light for better understanding of ERG11 gene in drug-resistance mechanisms in Candida krusei (C. krusei). Methods C. krusei strains were isolated from patients in the Dermatology from Jan 2010 to May 2013. Susceptibility assays, including 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), amphotericin B (AMB), voriconazole (VCR), fluconazole (FLC) and itraconazole (ITR), was performed by broth microdilution method according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M27-A2. Isolates were divided into susceptible strains and resistant strains based on their susceptibility to ITR. Mutations in the ERG11 gene sequence were detected using PCR amplification and gene sequencing. Expression levels of ERG11 were measured by real-time PCR. Differences of ERG11 expression levels between susceptible strains and resistant strains were compared by two-tailed Student t test. Results A total of 15 C. krusei strains were obtained, among which 8.0, 6.0 and 3.0% were resistant to FCA, ITR and 5-FC, respectively, whereas all isolates were found to be susceptible to AMB and VRC. Three synonymous codon substitutions were found in ERG11among all the C. krusei strains, including T939C, T642C and A756T. Expression level of ERG11 was significantly higher in resistant C. krusei strains (1.34  ± 0.08) than that in susceptible C. krusei strains (0.94  ± 0.14) (t = 3.74, P Conclusions Our study demonstrates that point mutations accompanied with the overexpression of ERG11 might be involved in the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in C. krusei. Keywords: ERG11; drug resistance; Candida krusei; mutation; overexpression. Introduction Candida species are pathogenic microorganisms for systemic and local opportunistic infections and the fourth leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections worldwide [1]. In recent years, an increasing number of infections due to Candida krusei has been witnessed [2]. C. krusei generally causes infections among immunocompromised patients, especially those suffering from Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-acquired immune deficiency syndrome and hematological malignancies [3]. Mortality rates among such patients with C. krusei fungemia are reported to be as high as 60-80% [4]. Moreover, the increasing use of immunosuppressive drugs has inevitably increased the risk of C. krusei infection, and C. krusei has ranked in fifth place among all the species of Candida [5, 6]. C. krusei has been regarded as a multidrug-resistant (MDR) fungal pathogen by the reason of its intrinsic resistance to fluconazole (FLC) as well as its considerable reduction in susceptibility to flucytosine and amphotericin B (AMB) [2]. Resistance to these antifungal drugs is a major problem among patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, neutropenia and/or critically ill, since these drugs are frequently used for prophylaxis of C. krusei infection [7]. Therefore, a better understanding of resistance mechanisms in C. krusei was urgently needed to effectively prevent and control infections caused by C. krusei. It has been reported that multiple mechanisms are involved in drug resistance in C. krusei , including overexpression of several genes such as multidrug transporters (encoded by CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1), which lead to decreased intracellular accumulation of FLC. Nowadays, an increasing evidence proposed that alterations and overexpression of the ERG11 gene, which codes the target enzyme cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14ÃŽ ±-demethylase, are major resistance mechanism in C. krusei [8, 9]. However, the scarce information available regarding ERG11 gene mutation and gene expression in the drug-resistant strains makes C. krusei resistance to azoles poorly understood [10]. In the present study, we evaluated the susceptibility profiles of 15 C. krusei isolates, investigated the potential alterations in the ERG11 gene sequence of C. krusei strains, and further detected the differentially expressed levels of ERG11 between susceptible and resistant isolates of C. krusei. We aimed to provide with light for better understanding of molecular mechanisms in drug resistance of C. krusei. Methods 2.1 Fungal strains and media The strains used in this study were isolated from patients in the Dermatology of the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from Jan 2010 to May 2013. The standard strain, Candida krusei ATCC 6258, was purchased from fungi and fungal disease research center of Peking University and included in each test run for quality control. C. Krusei were maintained on agar YPD medium (2% peptone, 1% yeast extract, 2% dextrose) and stored in our Fungi Laboratory. RPMI 1640 medium with L-glutamate (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) was used as recommended for susceptibility assays and buffered to pH 7.0 with 0.165 M morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (MOPS). 2.2 Susceptibility assays The susceptibility assays of the isolates was performed in 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates by broth microdilution method described in the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M27-A2 (NCCLS) [11]. The antifungal drugs including 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), amphotericin B (AMB), voriconazole (VCR), fluconazole (FLC) and itraconazole (ITR), were obtained from their respective manufacturers and used for susceptibility assays. MIC was defined as the concentration of the drug that reduced the fungus growth by 80% compared to that grown in the absence of the drug. The interpretive criteria for susceptibility to the above drugs were published by the NCCLS and listed in Table 1. Samples were divided into susceptible strains and resistant strains based on their susceptibility to ITR. 2.3 PCR amplification and sequence alignment of ERG11 gene To amplify ERG11 gene, genomic DNA was firstly isolated from C. krusei cells using UNIQ-10 Column Genomic DNA Isolation Kit (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer’s instruction and used as a template for amplification of the ERG11 genes. Specific primers of ERG11 (Table 2) were designed by Primer 3 [12], based on the available sequence information of C. Krusei ERG11 gene (GI:163311561) at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The PCR amplification of ERG11 gene was conducted using 2  µl of genomic DNA, 2  µl specific forward and reverse primers (50  µmol/L) and Taq PCR Master Mix (TIANGEN, Beijing, China). The PCR condition was set as denaturation for 5 min at 94  °C, followed by 35 cycles: 94  °C for 30 s, 55  °C for 30 s and 72  °C for 30 s, and a final step of elongation (72  °C for 8 min). PCR products were then separated and sized on a 1.5% agarose gel by electrophoresis, and visualized under UV light after stai ning with ethidium bromide. Successfully amplified PCR products were sent for sequencing (Invitrogen, Shanghai, China). To verify the point mutations, sequencing results were aligned with the reference sequence of C. Krusei ERG11 gene (GI:163311561) using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) program in NCBI. 2.4 Real-time PCR analysis For quantitative real-time PCR analysis, total RNA was extracted from C. krusei cultures with an Yeast RNAiso Kit (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) and reversely transcribed to cDNA with PrimeScript RT Master Mix (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) according to the instructions of the manufacturer. For the ERG11 target genes and GAPDH reference gene, a primer pair were designed with Primer 5.0 program (Table 2). Real-time PCR was processed with a 25- µl volume containing the following reagents: 12.5  µl of SYBR ® Premix Ex TaqTM II (TaKaRa, Dalian, China), 2  µl of total RNA sample, 1 µl of each primer pair at a concentration of 10  µM and distilled water up to the final volume. Samples were subjected to an initial step at 95  °C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles each of which consisted of 10 s at 95  °C and 30 s at 60  °C. Melting curves were recorded every 5 s during the 65-95  °C by PCR amplifier. Fluorescence data (Ct) in each reaction were collected and were analyzed with the Rotor -Gene Q Series Software 2.0.2 software. A 2à ¢- ³Ãƒ ¢- ³Ct algorithm was applied to analyze relative expression levels of ERG11 at susceptible strains and resistant strains. 2.5 Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software (SPSS incà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Chicagoà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’US). All data were presented as mean  ± standard deviation (SD). The two-tailed Student t test was conducted to compare the differences of ERG11 expression levels between susceptible strains and resistant strains. A p-value Results Antifungal susceptibilities of C. krusei isolates A total of 15 C. krusei strains were isolated from clinical samples during Jan 2010 to May 2013 in our laboratory, among which 14 isolates were from urine and 1 from hydrothorax (Table 3). Table 4 shows the rates of azole resistance for these C. krusei isolates. Among 15 C. krusei isolates, 8.0, 6.0 and 3.0% were resistant to FCA, ITR and 5-FC, respectively, whereas all isolates were found to be susceptible to AMB and VRC. Ultimately, by using an MIC ≠¥ 1  µg/ml to define resistance to the investigational ITR, the 15 isolates included 6 that were resistant and 9 that were susceptible. Mutational analysis in ERG11of C. krusei isolates DNA fragment with consistent length was successfully amplified from C. krusei isolates (Figure 1). Sequence alignment showed three synonymous codon substitutions in ERG11among all the C. krusei strains, including T939C, T642C and A756T (Figure 2). Among the three synonymous mutations, T642C and A756T only presented in ITR-resistant strains, while T939C in susceptible as well as resistant C. krusei strains. Nevertheless, no point mutation was observed in the standard strain. Different expression levels of ERG11gene in susceptible and resistant C. krusei strains Real-time PCR was performed to verify the varied expression levels of ERG11 in ITR-susceptible and ITR-resistant C. krusei strains. Result showed that mRNA transcription level of ERG11 was significantly higher in resistant C. krusei strains (1.34  ± 0.08) than that in susceptible C. krusei strains (0.94  ± 0.14) (t = 3.74, P Discussion With the drug-resistance character, C. krusei has emerged as one of the leading agents causing candidemia, especially in immunocompromised patients [13]. Previous studies have shown the crucial role of ERG11 gene in FLC-resistant clinical isolates of Candida species, while the molecular mechanism specially in C. krusei remains unclear. Herein, we evaluated the susceptibility profiles of 15 C. krusei isolates, subsequently searched for mutations in the ERG11 gene sequence of C. krusei using PCR amplification and gene sequencing, and further detected the differentially expressed levels of ERG11 between susceptible and resistant isolates by real-time PCR. We found three synonymous codon substitutions in ERG11 of C. krusei which have not yet been described previously. Among the three point mutations, T642C and A756T only presented in ITR-resistant strains, while T939C were also presented in ITR-susceptible strains. Moreover, mRNA transcription level of ERG11 was significantly higher in I TR-resistant C. krusei strains than that in ITR-susceptible C. krusei strains. It is reported that point mutations in the ERG11 gene can lead to conformational changes which may affect the affinity of the drug with the target, but not influence the enzyme function in ergosterol biosynthesis [14]. Many studies have been focused on the ERG11 alterationz in Candida species . Ricardo et al. [9] found two different types of mutations by sequencing the C. krusei ERG11 gene, including a heterozygous alteration at 1,389 bp (T→C) presented in all of the susceptible and resistant C. krusei strains in their study, and a missense mutation in two strains at position 418 bp (T→C) which yields a Tyr→His amino acid change. Tavakoli et al. [15] displayed a heterozygous polymorphism at position 939 (T→C) in ERG11 coding region, and speculated that this polymorphism might play a key role in the transcriptional regulation of genes and be involved in the processes of ergosterol biosynthesis. Sionov et al. [16] have indentified a single missense mutation at amino acid 145 in the ERG11 of C. neoformans strain isolated from an FLC-treated patient, and verified that this mutation was sufficient to lead high FLC resistance. In the present study, we discovered three novel synonymous codon substitutions in ERG11 of C. krusei, among which T642C and A756T only presented in ITR-resistant strains. These alteration in ERG11might be involved in the resistance mechanism of C. krusei. Many studies have also been designed to explore the exact molecular mechanism behind the ERG11 up-regulation in response to azoles and other antifungal drugs [14, 17, 18]. A well-characterized matched pair of FLC-susceptible and FLC-resistant C. albicans isolates was analyzed and the resistant strains were found mainly associated with up-regulation of ERG11 gene [14]. Henry et al. [17] demonstrated that treating C. krusei with the triazole FLC at a concentration of 2 to 9 mg/ml could resulted in four- to five-fold increase in ERG11 RNA levels. Accompanied with previous reports, they hypothesized that the the upregulation of ERG11 gene contributed at least partly to the ability of C. krusei to tolerate azole [19-21]. The overexpression of ERG11was also directly shown to confer FLC resistance in S. cerevisiae [18]. In accordance with previous studies, our results reflected that mRNA transcription level of ERG11 was found to be significantly higher in ITR-resistant C. krusei strains com pared with that in ITR-susceptible C. krusei strains. The increased production of 14a-demethylase was reported to exceed the inhibitory capacity of the antifungal drugs. Therefore, we speculated that ERG11 gene overexpression might be relevant in the drug resistance in C. krusei. In conclusion, there synonymous codon substitutions were observed in ERG11 of C. krusei. These point mutations accompanied with the overexpression of ERG11 might be involved in the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in C. krusei.

Lateralization of Functions: Left and Right Hemispheres

Brain is the most complex structure ever evolved in Universe such that it contains billions and billions of neurons that act and react in interconnected ways leading to the emergence of thought, consciousness, feelings, emotions and creative thinking, all subsumed under the enigmatic term mind. The brain is a multilayered structure that is folded into many folds, the surface of which is known as the gray matter and the inner areas deep within the cortex is known as the white matter (the color is because of the fatty substance).The cerebral cortex is the area of associative functions of the brain that is divided into many fissures such as lateral fissure and central fissure. The four lobes formed based on these fissures are the frontal lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes and occipital lobes. The cerebral hemisphere is divided into two halves: the left hemisphere and the right hemispheres with asymmetric functions.Corpous callousum is the structure that joints the two hemispheres so that the brain functions according to the Lashley principle of mass action, that is, it is the integrative functions of the two hemispheres that result in the coordinated activates of individuals, that is behavior. Lateralization of Functions: Left and Right Hemispheres Lateralization of brain function means that each hemisphere, that is the right or the left, specializes in certain functions so that the inactivity of a hemisphere result in the damage to that function or that function totally disappears from the behavior repertoire.Left hemisphere or right hemisphere dominances are responsible for the controlling of those respective functions. Lateraisation of functions may be studied using different methods like the ancient method of inserting an electrode in the brain and the modern methods of imaging, scanning and intravenous injections. The Wada Test introduces an anesthetic to one hemisphere of the brain, that is intravenous injection, following which, that is after anesthetize d, neuropsychological tests are conducted to determine the effect of hemispheric paralysis or inactivity.Less invasive techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computerized Axial Tomography, SQUID and Poisson Emission Tomography are used to study dominance. Brain function lateralization is also determined in the phenomena of right or left handedness and of right or left ear preference (Lateralization of brain functions, 2009). However it is to be stated that preferences are not always a clear indication of hemispheric specialization. Ninety five percent of the right handed people have left hemisphere dominance for language and only eighteen point eight per cent of left handed people have right hemisphere dominance for language functions.Sodium amytal tests indicate that 95 percent of right handed people are specialized in left hemisphere for language functions (Milner, 1974). Left hemisphere is specialized for language functions (Corina, et al, 1992). Left hemisphere strokes t hat leads to right sided paralysis (the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and right side of the hemisphere controls the left side of the body known as ipsilateral control) result in serious language problems .The left hemisphere temporal lobe region known as the Wernicke’s area is involved in the understanding of spoken and written language. The language region in the lower frontal lobe is known as Broca’s area, the area involved in speech production The damage to the Broca’s area leads to the slow and infrequent speech thereby the fluency is impaired. The left brain does all the functions related to analysis, logical, mathematical thinking, cause-effect relations and scientific thinking. In figurative language, the left brain is said to be, the Western brain whereas the right brain is the Eastern brain.The sequential nature of processing of information carried out by the left hemisphere is contrasted with the global processing of right hemisphere (Springer and Deutsch, 1989). Right hemisphere specializes in â€Å"soft† functions characterized as appreciation of music, art, production of relaxation, quietness, peace, spatial relations, recognition and memory patterns of stimulation (Morgan, etal. 1993) and the patterns are visual, tactile or spatial. Damage to these areas prevents these functions so that the person may fail to recognize the face of other people, fail to appreciate music and fail to relax.People practicing mediation is said to show changes in the electrical activity of the brain which means that electrical waves called alpha dominate in their lives. Significant changes in the electrical activity of people practicing mediation and not practicing mediation are located in studies. Emotional expression is another function that dominates the right hemisphere (Zaidel, 1994). In short, identification of faces, facial expressions of emotions, line slopes or dot locations occur more quickly when these are ‘shown’ to the right hemisphere. The distinct functions are explained in Table 1.Split Brain Studies Different functional specialization of the hemispheres are observed in the studies of split brain patients, who are characterized by the severing of corpus callousum so that there is no anatomical connection between the two halves and the two hemispheres act independently. Roger S. Sperry has conducted many studies with split brain patients whose brain functioned independently without transferring message between the two halves. With split brain patients visual input can be restricted to the left or right hemisphere because of the anatomical connections between the eyes and the brain.From the right visual field, stimuli go to the left hemisphere and the input from the left visual field goes to the right hemisphere. In this way the visual image of the word ‘ring’ reaches the left hemisphere, while the word ‘key’ reaches the right hemisphere in a form of experiment. It is found that split brain patients report the word ‘ring’ and they do not report the word ‘key’ sent to the right hemisphere, implying that there is no connection between the two halves of the brain. Moreover the left hemisphere specializes in the language function. And it is also found that the patients can recognize the word â€Å"key† by non-verbal language.

The Cultural Practices Of Buddhism - 1460 Words

In a general ranking of all the major religions in the world, Buddhism is a top contender. Practiced mainly in the eastern hemisphere and originating from ancient India, it has a following of hundreds of millions of people. Founded by a young man by the name of Siddhartha Gotama from Lumbini, now called Nepal, it characterises itself as a religion of truth and morality. Siddhartha Gotama, now referred to as Buddha, taught many things; however, the main principles of Buddhism can be summarized into the Law of Karma, the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. With major strides in globalization in the last few decades, the teachings and principles of Buddhism have become more familiar to western cultures. The increase in the exposure to Buddhism has also been accompanied by a greater effort to be culturally aware and ultimately respectful to practicing Buddhists. In healthcare, where there is a wide cross section of individuals, the need for cultural awareness exists even more . This paper will discuss some of the cultural practices of Buddhists, as it relates to their beliefs, and the impact they have on the wellness and illness or Buddhists. It will also show how the ignorance of cultural differences in Buddhism can be remedied by cultural competency which would be expressed in the form of encourage therapeutic care. In Buddhism, the law of Karma is a law of cause and effect. According to Buddhism, everything that exists must have a cause (Rodgers Yen, 2002).Show MoreRelatedChina And Jap Spirituality, Belief And Faith Are Personal1271 Words   |  6 PagesStudy of Religion in China and Japan Spirituality, belief and faith are personal. This statement means that an individual takes his own path on religion. Religion is a system of worship that connects human behaviors, practices, organizations, ethics, texts and world views to the supernatural world. Religion is widespread and diverse in various ways. The contents of one religion may not be similar to those of other religions. The differences may be identified through the supernatural being, faithRead MoreA Review of Nirvana for Sale by Rachelle M. Scoot Essay769 Words   |  4 Pagespiety in Thailand Theravada Buddhism. Through ethnographic methods, the book seeks to describe this relationship in a historically situated context. Thus, the book is concerned with cultural praxis within the context of religious discourses about wealth and piety. As a piece of ethnography, the work is competent, but draws little attention to the classic anthropological methodology of participant observation, characterized by long-term engagement with local cultural practices. Instead the claims madeRead MoreReligious Ideologies And Practices Behind Buddhism843 Words   |  4 Pagesreligion that I did not consider myself well versed with was Buddhism. From my previous encounters with this religion, I had learned that its teachings embody the idea of karma and rebirth. As means to broaden my knowledge and learn more about the religious ideologies and practices behind Buddhism, I spoke with Professor Ann Burlein of the Religion and Philosophy Department. I had originally planned to attend Professor Burlein’s Buddhism in America class, but due to time conflicts I resorted to meetRead MoreReligious And Ethnic Groups : Asians And Buddhism1446 Words   |  6 Pages Religious and Ethnic Groups: Asians and Buddhism in America Ladina K. Q. Pagud ETH/125 January 25, 2015 Robert Nobis Religious and Ethnic Groups: Asians and Buddhism in America Asian Americans are a distinctive ethnic group that has made up of 5% of the United States population. It is made of a variety of descendants, from a dozen countries in Far East and Southeastern Asia. Each of these countries have a unique culture, language, and history that has contribute to American culture today.Read MoreIntroduction. The Pilgrimage Of Faxian And Xuanzang To1548 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant event in the cultural exchange between China and India because their experiences of pilgrimages have significant effects on not only development of Buddhism in China as well as cultural exchange between China and India. Faxian and Xuanzang actively participated in various Buddhist activities in India. Their travel experiences were maintained in detailed records of their precious books, which are preservation of valuable historical information such as Ancient Buddhism, geography and socialRead MoreThe Four Noble Truths Of Buddhism1635 Words   |  7 PagesIn the history of Bu ddhism, suffering has always remained a key concept as it is the main reason for using Buddhist principles and practices to relieve ourselves from it. The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism inform us of the following principles: suffering exists in life, there is a cause to our suffering, there is an end to our suffering, and following the eightfold path can relieve our suffering. Traditional forms of Buddhism suggest that we can overcome suffering by attaining Nirvana, or the stateRead MoreCulture Reflection1288 Words   |  6 Pagesgiven day. It is important to understand these differences because certain cultures have different beliefs that will affect how we develop their treatment plan. Many times these individuals need individualized care planes to meet there religious and cultural costumes. The culture I will be reflecting on in healthcare is the Chinese culture. The reflection will go through their belief system, customs, and how as healthcare professionals we will be able to pr ovide excellent care while incorporating thereRead MoreBuddhism : A Religion Of Enlightenment And Self Meditation1562 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism first came to China from India around 500 AD. Buddha, the enlightened one, is the founder of Buddhism as a religion. Buddhism is China’s oldest foreign religion merging from Daoism and folk religion. At first, Buddhism did not attract many people, however during 200 AD, Buddhism gained a firm position in China and has continued to be one of China’s top religions. Buddhism, in summary, is a religion of enlightenment and self-meditation. The role of the family in Chinese culture, specificallyRead MoreEssay on Two Religions-Two Paths: Buddhism and Hinduism805 Words   |  4 PagesBuddhism and Hinduism-- the core area of both is Northern India and each spread through the Indian subcontinent, yet both did not seem to expand with the same radius. Buddhism flourished and spread across central and eastern Asia; whereas, Hinduism generally stayed close to home, in India. The question now becomes why. The main area where these religions emerged is referred to as ‘religion hearths’, and these religions originated where large civilizations also did in Mesopotamia, the Nile, and theRead MoreBuddhism Is Considered A Religion Or A Philosophy961 Words   |  4 Pageswhether buddhism is considered a religion or a philosophy but I believe that it is both. According to (https://www.google.com/#q=buddhismBuddhism) is a non-theistic religion or philosophy that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. Buddhism inhabits several traits that consider it a religion and a philosophy. There is not a clear distinction that defines buddhism as one or the other. Some practices of Buddhism display

The Argument On The Existence Of God - 1629 Words

The idea of God has been a part of man’s history for centuries. Since time began there has been various combination of believers, and non-believers. Individuals who believes in God, belong to many different religion. Whereas, skeptics find the existence of God somewhat baffling, and have continually sought answers to His existence through scientific methods. As the world progresses in scientific, and technological advancement, the human race still faces the question of God’s existence. Many philosophers, and scholars, such as Aquinas, Anselm, and Rene Descartes has applied their theory, in an effort to answer the question. Word.50. In this paper I will argue in favor of Descartes’ argument on the existence of God from his writings, Meditations of First Philosophy. I find that the following claim of Descartes’ ontological argument existence of God (clear and distinct idea of a supremely perfect being) provides convincing argument. The validity of the argument support his claim of the existence of God, for the following reasons. The idea of God is consistent with Scripture. Colossians 1:16 â€Å"For by Him all things were created; things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominion, principalities or powers, all things were created by Him and for him.† Our belief in the existence of God has enormous implications on our views of life, morality, humanity, and destiny. In the misinterpretation of Descartes’ argument, of necessary existence, some haveShow MoreRelatedThe Arguments For The Existence Of God1056 Words   |  5 Pages16 November 2015 Rough Draft for The arguments for the Existence of God. The question Does God Exist? is a well-known asked question in the world. Most people believe they know the answer to it. The religious people would say, well of course he does, while the non-religious people or atheist would say no He does not exist. Because evil exist and chaos exists, God cannot be all-powerful. In the modern world, there are many different opinions as to whether a God exists or not. This has been an issueRead MoreThe Argument For The Existence Of God1674 Words   |  7 Pagesfind the three arguments I analyzed satisfactory for the existence of God. The existence of God simply cannot be proven. Regardless of how strong a person’s faith is, or how many miracles they claim to have witnessed, God can only ever be a possibility. First, I will discuss why Pascal’s wager is not a satisfying argument for the existence of God. I will then examine C.D. Broad’s â€Å"Argument for the Existence of God†, and why it is also not a satisfying argument for the existence of God. Finally, IRead MoreArguments For The Existence Of God974 Words   |  4 PagesArguments for the existence of God through critical thinking and rationalization are called ontological, cosmological, teleological, or pragmeatic arguments. The most widely known of such arguments is that of St. Anselm from Proslogium of St. Anselm, which states that God is considered a perfect being unlike humans or any other world subject. The fact that he is perfect in a world of imperfection proves his existence. God is also the highest conceivable idea of perfection, and thereforeRead MoreThe Existence Of God : An Argument881 Words   |  4 PagesThe Existence of God The philosophical arguments presented in this document are not of religious text, nor scientific observation or established fact. Rather the premise of this God proof is bring together and share the various theories on which other God proofs have established foundations. I have heard it quoted that â€Å"Philosophy goes where hard science can t, or won t. Philosophers have a license to.† Therefore, with this in mind, I attest that it is more than problematic to construct anRead MoreArguments on the Existence of God602 Words   |  2 PagesGod’s existence may actually depend upon our belief in his existence but it is more plausible to believe that God exists using the different types of arguments such as the cosmological argument and ontological argument, Leibniz and the Principle of Sufficient Reason and the Problem of Evil, and the definition of basic belief as evidence. The Cosmological argument can be simplified into three reasons that everything that begins to exist has a cause; the universe began to exist, therefore the universeRead MoreArguments For The Existence Of God1137 Words   |  5 PagesArguments for the existence of God come in many different forms; some draw on history, some on science, some on personal experience, and some on philosophy. Descartes offered two arguments towards the existence of God: an informal proof in the third meditation and the ontological proof in the fifth meditation. Descartes believed that with the employment of a rational method of inquiry which applied some of the methods of analytic geometry to the study of philosophy, our ability to attain certaintyRead MoreThe Argument Of The Existence Of God1480 Words   |  6 PagesThe arguments trying to â€Å"prove† the existence of God are by far some of the most controversial philosophical arguments out there. When some of the people who created these philo sophies it was illegal or even punishable by death to even question his existence, let alone try to come up with a logical explanation to â€Å"prove† he is real. The two main arguments used today are the ontological argument and the cosmological argument. Neither one of these arguments are correct nor incorrect; moreover, theRead MoreThe Arguments For The Existence Of God940 Words   |  4 Pagesp. 209, question# 1 Among the numerous arguments for the existence of God, the argument of design stands as the most persuasive in terms of providing a logical basis for the absolute presence of God. This argument is concerned with the intricate nature of creation and existence: one must believe that there is a Supreme Being that designed the characteristics and features of every existing thing in the entire universe, both living and non-living. The precise and complicated design of the universeRead MoreThe Argument For The Existence Of God1411 Words   |  6 PagesMy paper scrutinizes numerous logical disputes for and alongside the presence of God. I shall argue that there’s no adequate evidence or inclusive arguments for the existence of God. It is grounded on the views of certain great philosophers and scientists of all of mankind. Generally speaking for myself, I would correspond to have faith that there is â€Å"God†. Regrettably, it’s awfully well-defined that the being built up on insightful faith is no longer a suitable custom to shadow. During the courseRead MoreThe Cosmological Argument For The Existence Of God Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesconcerning the existence of God. If God exists, we probably have to make him accountable. The universe would probably have a meaning and a purpose. Also, our very existence may not be cease after physical death. But if God does not exist, we are probably here by chance and we have no accountability to any transcendent. This life is probably all we have, so we should live as we please. The question arises - Does God exist? At first glance, it seems contradictory to prove the existence of something